Esculentoside A can suppress inflammatory responses in LPS-induced ALI through inhibition of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways.

Methylene Violet 3RAX, a phenazine dye, is utilized for staining cell mitochondria and has the capability to alter DNA's molecular structure, disrupt DNA modules, and promote reactive singlet oxygen generation.

Riluzole hydrochloride (PK 26124 hydrochloride) is an anticonvulsant compound belonging to the family of sodium channel blockers that inhibits GABA uptake.